Eagle stripped of the crown was the emblem of PRL Photo: Fig. wikipedia
Independent Polish courts only partially settled offense Polish People’s power apparatus. Many of those responsible, especially with the Stalinist era, not even attendance on the benches of the accused.
The need to settle the PRL began to speak immediately after the 1989 breakthrough. However, administration of justice encountered many obstacles. The left-liberal Environment warned against “witch hunts” and accused right-wing circles first “solidarity” governments reluctance to prosecute crimes of the communist regime, resulting from the “secret agreements with the communists at the round table”.
In most cases investigations were undertaken. Convictions, however, was not much. Often stood in the way of bad health condition age of the accused. This was the case of the generals Wojciech Jaruzelski and Czeslaw Kiszczak. Their two processes have been suspended. Some of the cases that lasted even after several years, ended up releasing judgments of guilt or punishment, including because of the limitation criminality.
Responsibility for martial law
According to the findings of the parliamentary special commission, which investigated crimes in 1989-1991 power apparatus of this period, was then at least 91 victims fatal.
The first sentence fell relatively quickly, because in 1991. The court in Krakow sentenced former captain Andrew Augustine SB 8 years in prison for the shooting of 20-year-old Bogdan Włosik during a demonstration in Nowa Huta in 1982. A year later the Court of Appeal increased the sentence to 10 years, rejecting the thesis of the defense esbeka necessary.
In 2009 validly sentenced to two and a half years in prison of former militiamen Edward Misztal and Janusz streak too loud abduction in 1983 from the Warsaw Primate of the church committee co-workers help people trapped. Their trial lasted since 1994
failed to end settlement of a fatal beating in 1983, 19-year-old high school graduate Gregory Przemyk by the police in Warsaw. In 1997, he sentenced to two years in prison, although Arkadiusz Denkiewicz, who called for the beating, but he had served a single day (doctors recognized his inability to serve the sentence). On the other hand, after five processes were discontinued in 2009 due to the limitation issue Ireneusz K. policeman who stopped Przemyk and had it beat.
In 2012, the IPN discontinued for the same reason investigation over. Obstructing the years 80. beaten by authorities explain Przemyk.
In 2013, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by allowing the limitation case, Poland violated the Convention on Human Rights.
still do not They explained the scenes of death associated with the opposition student Stanislaw Pyjas , whose body was found in 1977 in Krakow. When prosecutors dropped the investigation, finding that the cause of death was a fall down the stairs, but the opposition spoke of a political assassination. The fifth is currently under investigation, conducted by the Krakow IPN. Institute of Forensic Research in 2012 confirmed the possibility of falling down stairs; also found that one can not determine whether Pyjas fell alone or pushed him.
killings of priests
The secret of deaths remaining at the end of the 80s a few priests engaged in opposition activities, including Fr.. Prelate Stefan Niedzielak, Stanislaw Zych Suchowolce and New Year’s Eve.
In 1994, the Regional Court in Warsaw niejednomyślnie acquitted for lack of evidence Wladyslaw former generals SB Ciastonia and Zenon Platek of the charge of incitement to murder Fr. . Jerzy Popieluszko. chaplain of Solidarity, kidnapped and brutally murdered in 1984 officers SB: Grzegorz Piotrowski, Waldemar Chmielewski and Leszek Pękala. In 1985, a court in Torun Piotrowski sentenced 25 years in prison, Pękala – for 15 years, Chmielewski – at 14, and their supervisor Adam Petrushka – 25.
There have received penalties in its entirety; They reduced it to them amnesty. The longest – 15 years in prison was Piotrowski, who in 1995 returned to prison after the recognition by the Supreme Court an extraordinary appeal Justice Minister Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz.
See special service STATE OF WAR & gt; & gt; & gt;
What’s with those responsible for martial law?
In 2012, the Regional Court in Warsaw ruled that the state illegally introduced covert war criminal group of a military under the command of gen. Jaruzelski in order to eliminate the “Solidarity”, the behavior of the communist system and your personal position in the government. The court then sentenced to two years in prison, suspended Kiszczak for participation in the group; They were acquitted of the charge and b. Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Stanislaw Kania. In 2007, the investigation division of the National Remembrance Institute in Katowice accused nine people. The process started in 2008 .; several defendants have died; affairs of other excluded against their ill health. Jaruzelski court case was suspended in 2011.
Last year, because of the health of 88-year-old Kiszczak, a Warsaw court stayed its fifth process for contributing to the death of miners from “Uncle”. In the early 90s the prosecution accused him of that in 1981 gave the commanders of troops MO its powers to order the use of weapons when you unlock the striking enterprises. The first trial started in 1994; in 1996 the court acquitted him. In 2004 he was sentenced to two years in prison, suspended. In 2008, the case was discontinued due to aging. In 2011, it again acquitted. These judgments avoided then the higher instance.
Rulings for riot police to be “Uncle”
In 2008, after three processes Katowice Court of Appeal finally sentenced on a penalty of 3.5 years to 6 years in prison 14 former members of the platoon special riot police, who in December 1981 shot 9 miners “Wujek”, protesting the imposition of martial law. While maintaining in 2009 those judgments, the Supreme Court emphasized that they used weapons illegally because they were not in the immediate short-circuited with the miners, their life is not in danger, and “shots were measured.”
They were sentenced only “participated in a deadly assault with a dangerous weapon,” because to convict for murder, you need to determine exactly who was shooting at whom – which was impossible because of the collusion authorities immediately after the tragedy and the conspiracy of silence of the accused.
The massacre on the Coast 1,970 years
After 18 years of prosecution on December 1970 – The District Court in Warsaw considered “illegal and criminal” decision by the People’s Republic of the use of weapons against workers protesting in regard to price increases. The court stressed that the Polish law does not apply the theory of “the blind bayonets”, which implies absolute obedience to the command of the military. Niejednogłośnie court acquitted from the charge of “executive agency” killings of workers of the former Deputy Prime Minister Stanislaw Cauldron.
The two former military officers and Boleslaw W. Miroslaw F. were sentenced to two years probation. In 2011, we suspended the case then defense minister gen. Jaruzelski.
See special service DECEMBER ’70 & gt; & gt; & gt;
Court of the State not for Jaruzelski and Kiszczak
In 1996, the Sejm, the votes of the ruling coalition SLD-PSL, discontinued the proceedings against those responsible for the introduction of martial law – did not agree to Jaruzelski, Kiszczak and other members of the Military National Salvation Council and the Council of State responded to the State Tribunal.
In 2011 the Constitutional Court declared that martial law decrees of the State Council People’s Republic adopted in violation of the law, even communist era.
Poznań June 1956
Since 2000. IPN investigation is under way on – the killing by the army and the UB approx. 50 people and causing personal injury and wrongful 240 people pozbawień freedoms and mistreatment of detainees participants in the events.
crimes of the Stalinist
In 1994, Parliament condemned the “criminal activity” UB and Military Intelligence, responsible for the suffering and death of many thousands of Polish citizens. Despite the passage of years, before the courts erected some officers apparatus of coercion from the years of Stalinism.
loudest process of the UB was the case of Colonel. Adam Humer and his 11 subordinates. In 1996, the metropolitan court sentenced them to from 9 to 2 years in prison for torturing political prisoners in the years 1946-1954. The highest sentence got a 82-year-old Humer, former head of the investigation department of MBP. In 1998, the court rejected the appeals of Humera and others; for formal reasons portions slightly reduced sentences, including Humerowi (from 9 years to 7.5 years).
In 2012, the Regional Court in Warsaw sentenced to 8 years imprisonment 89-year-old former Warrant Officer George R. UB for the shooting in 1946. Army soldier Vladislav Urbanek. The court held that R. Urbanek not shot in self-defense – as he claimed – but acting with intent to murder.
In April 2014 years former officer of UB 89-year-old George K. was finally convicted by the Warsaw court to two years in prison for mistreatment of a political prisoner of the Stalinist period.
before the courts became too officers Military Information. The first sentence of Information officer fell in 1998, garrison military court in Warsaw sentenced to 1.5 years in prison 75-year-old Vincent Romanowski for mistreatment of a prisoner in 1946. Methods accused did not differ from the methods of the Gestapo – the court found.
Judges unpunished
Never legally sentenced a judge who seemed sentences dictated by the UB and IW . With the death in 1998, 83-year-old judge Maria Górowski, there has been no precedent process of “judicial murder”, which itself committed. In 1952., After a bogus trial, he condemned it to death hero AK gene. Augusta Fieldorfa, nom de guerre. “Nil”. In 2008 in the UK. Britain died while 89-year-old Helena Wolińska, Stalinist military prosecutor, whose extradition from London to no avail demanded the investigation division of the IPN. They accused her unlawful arrest of 24 people in the 50s, including gene. Fieldorfa.
More police about the crimes can be found on the Internet platform “moje.polskieradio.pl” & gt; & gt; & gt;
In 2010 came into force called. dezubekizacyjna Act, which reduced pension approx. 25 thousand. former civilian intelligence services PRL and b. WRON members. According to the PO, which prepared the law, violated the principles of justice that communist officials were getting higher benefits than ordinary pensioners, who were often their victims. Some of them performed to the courts for compensation for the repression of the Polish People’s Republic, for example. Known dissident, the late Zbigniew Romaszewski, he got 240 thousand from the court. zł; others received a lower amount.
The blurring of traces, smoking act
After the 1989 communist secret services destroyed their files, which could be the main evidence against him. In 1995, a court in Piotrkow discontinued the amnesty under the 1989 trial of three generals Ministry of Interior, including the last head of Henry SB Dankowski, accused of destruction of the materials SB on the opposition and the Church. In 1996, a military court sentenced him to two years imprisonment, suspended last head of General Internal Military Service. Edmund Bule for the destruction of records WSW.
According to the Act on the IPN in 2030 to limitation of political assassinations from communist Poland, and in 2020 – all other communist crimes. In 2010 the Supreme Court declared time-barred and these crimes that are punishable by up to five years in prison.
PAP / and
No comments:
Post a Comment